LPBF Porosity Predictor
Calculates lack-of-fusion and keyhole porosity from your laser parameters. Enter power, scan speed, hatch, layer thickness, and spot diameter — choose a material preset or override manually — to get VED, normalised enthalpy, and predicted relative density with a regime and quality verdict.
Material preset
Preset fills absorptivity, melting point, thermal diffusivity, and VED critical. Override any value below.
Process parameters
W
mm/s
mm
mm
mm
Material properties
°C
°C
mm²/s
J/mm³
Results
Regime:DenseVerdict:Excellent
Relative density
100.000%
Bar spans 95–100% for visibility
Volumetric Energy Density (VED)55.6J/mm³crit: 55.0 J/mm³
Normalised Enthalpy (ΔH*)0.002keyhole threshold: 1.0
LOF Porosity0.000%
Keyhole Porosity0.000%
Total Porosity0.000%max(LOF, keyhole)
Excellent< 0.1%Acceptable0.1–0.5%Marginal0.5–2%Reject> 2% porosity
Physics model
VED = P / (v × h × t)- P
- Laser power[W]
- v
- Scan speed[mm/s]
- h
- Hatch spacing[mm]
- t
- Layer thickness[mm]
Volumetric Energy Density. LOF porosity rises as VED/VED_crit → 0.
ΔH* = (A × P) / (ΔT × √(π × α × D × v))- A
- Absorptivity[–]
- ΔT
- T_melt – T_preheat[K]
- α
- Thermal diffusivity[mm²/s]
- D
- Spot diameter[mm]
Normalised enthalpy (King et al. 2014). Keyhole porosity risk when ΔH* > 1.0.