Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5

metal

titanium alloy — alpha-beta

Ti64TC4Grade 5 TitaniumUNS R56400TiAlV 6-4

Density

4.43 g/cm³

YS (LPBF as-built (XY))

990–1180 MPa

UTS (LPBF as-built (XY))

1150–1400 MPa

Elongation (LPBF as-built (XY))

4.0–10.0 %

Elastic modulus

105–120 GPa

Thermal conductivity

6.0–7.5 W/m·K

Composition — UNS R56400 / ASTM F2924-14

Element	Min %	Max %	Notes
Ti	bal.		balance
Al	5.50	6.750
V	3.50	4.500
Fe	—	0.300
O	—	0.200	Key interstitial — strength increases with O content but ductility decreases
N	—

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Mechanical & thermal properties — 6 conditions

Property	LPBF as-built (XY)	LPBF as-built (Z)	LPBF stress-relieved (600–650°C / 2–4h / Ar)	LPBF annealed (730–800°C / 2h / furnace cool)	LPBF + HIP (920°C / 100 MPa / 2h)	EBM as-built
Elastic modulus	105–120 GPa	—	—	110–118 GPa	—	110–120 GPa
Yield strength (0.2%)	990–1180 MPa	940–1120 MPa	950–1100 MPa	825–1050 MPa	830–970 MPa	820–970 MPa
Ultimate tensile strength	1150–1400 MPa	1060–1280 MPa	1050–1230 MPa	895–1150 MPa	895–1060 MPa	895–1050 MPa
Elongation at break	4.0–10.0 %	3.0–8.0 %	5.0–12.0 %	8.0–14.0 %	12.0–20.0 %	10.0–18.0 %
Hardness (HV)	350–430 HV10	—	—	310–370 HV10	—	300–360 HV10
Fatigue strength	—	—	—	450–650 MPa	600–800 MPa	—
Fracture toughness KIC	—	—	—	—	60.0–90.0 MPa√m	—
Density	4.43 g/cm³	—	—	—	—	—
Relative density	99.0–100.0 %	—	—	—	100.0 %	—
Thermal conductivity	6.0–7.5 W/m·K	—	—	—	—	—
CTE	8.4–9.0 µm/m·K	—	—	—	—	—
As-built surface Ra	8.0–20.0 µm	—	—	—	—	20.0–40.0 µm

Values shown as min–max where a spread is reported, otherwise as typical ± unit. Ranges reflect inter-source variation, not single-sample scatter. All values are for AM-processed specimens unless noted.

Engineering considerations

Always specify post-condition when referencing mechanical properties — as-built, stress-relieved, annealed, and HIP give very different results
As-built elongation is typically insufficient for most aerospace specifications — plan for post-HT in the design phase
For fatigue-critical applications: HIP + machined surfaces is minimum; polished surfaces preferred
Support removal is challenging — internal supports are often impossible to remove; design to minimise internal supports
Minimum wall thickness: ~0.3 mm achievable but <0.5 mm walls risk distortion and incomplete fusion
Residual stress causes distortion on removal from build plate — substrate preheat (150–200°C) and scan strategy selection are key mitigations
Powder reuse: ASTM F3049 powder characterisation required each lot; typically up to 30 reuse cycles before discard in aerospace
Colour change from silver-grey to blue/gold on as-built surfaces indicates oxidation — check atmosphere seal integrity
Electrochemical potential: Ti is noble (very low galvanic corrosion risk) but dissimilar metal contact with aluminium must be insulated

Advantages

Exceptional specific strength — highest strength-to-density ratio of common AM metals
Excellent corrosion resistance — passive TiO₂ film, highly resistant to seawater and body fluids
Biocompatible — ISO 10993-1 and FDA cleared for implantable devices
Well-characterised in AM — more published data and standards than any other AM metal
Achieves wrought-equivalent fatigue life after HIP + machined surfaces
LPBF as-built has no post-HT requirement for many structural (non-fatigue-critical) applications

Limitations

High cost — raw powder 3–6× more expensive than stainless steel per kg
Poor thermal conductivity (6–7 W/m·K) — limits heat dissipation applications
Low hardness and wear resistance — unsuitable for tribological surfaces without coating
As-built elongation typically 4–8% — may not meet ASTM F2924 ≥10% without annealing
Sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement — strict atmosphere control required during LPBF (O₂ < 100 ppm, H₂ minimal)
Difficult to machine after printing — low thermal conductivity causes tool wear; plan for machining allowances
EBM powder not fully recyclable — particle sintering during build limits reuse ratio
Flammable as fine powder — strict ATEX/OSHA powder handling protocols required

Typical applications

Structural brackets and frames (aerospace, satellite)Orthopaedic implants — hip, knee, spine (medical)Dental implants and crowns (dental)Turbine engine components — stationary parts (aerospace, energy)Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) structuresHigh-performance automotive and motorsport componentsPressure vessels and manifolds (industrial, energy)Heat exchangers with complex internal channelsPatient-specific surgical guides and instruments (medical)Rocket propulsion components (aerospace, defence)

Standards & certifications

ASTM-F2924established

Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5 parts produced by powder bed fusion (LPBF and EBM)

aerospacemedicaldefenceindustrial

ASTM-F3001established

Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) — lower O/N/Fe for fracture-critical and medical applications

aerospacemedical

ELI grade has lower interstitial content (O ≤ 0.13%, N ≤ 0.03%) vs. Grade 5. Use for implants and fracture-critical aerospace structures.

AMS-7003established

Ti-6Al-4V LPBF aerospace parts — stricter property minimums than ASTM F2924

aerospacedefence

Required by many Tier 1 aerospace OEMs. UTS minimum 930 MPa (vs. 895 MPa in F2924).

ASTM-F3049established

Powder feedstock characterisation for LPBF/EBM

aerospacemedicaldefence

ISO-52904established

Process qualification for safety-critical metal PBF parts

aerospacemedicaldefence

ISO-5832-3established

Wrought Ti-6Al-4V — reference standard for implant property comparison

medical

Wrought reference only. AM Ti-6Al-4V implants must additionally satisfy FDA AM Guidance 2017 or EU MDR Annex II.

Last reviewed: 2026-05-05 · v1 · Sources: ASTM-F2924, ASTM-F3001, ASTM-F3049, ASTM-F3122, AMS-7003, eos-ti64-2023, renishaw-ti64-2023, vrancken-2012-ti64, gong-2014-defects, debroy-2018-review, sames-2016-metallurgy, lewandowski-2016-mechanical, yadollahi-2017-fatigue

Ti-6Al-4V Grade 5

Composition — UNS R56400 / ASTM F2924-14

Mechanical & thermal properties — 6 conditions

Engineering considerations

Advantages

Limitations

Typical applications

Industries

Standards & certifications

Compatible AM processes (5)

Other metal materials

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