CP-Ti Grade 4

metal

titanium — commercially pure alpha

CP Titanium Grade 4Grade 4 TiASTM F67 Grade 4ISO 5832-2 Grade 4Ti Grade 4Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 4

Density

4.51 g/cm³

YS (LPBF as-built (XY))

500–610 MPa

UTS (LPBF as-built (XY))

600–720 MPa

Elongation (LPBF as-built (XY))

12.0–20.0 %

Elastic modulus

100–107 GPa

Composition — ASTM F67 Grade 4 / ISO 5832-2 / ASTM B265 Grade 4 — commercially pure Ti with max 0.4 wt% O

Element	Min %	Max %	Notes
Ti	—	—	balance — single-phase alpha microstructure; no beta stabilisers
O	—	0.400	Oxygen is the primary strengthening interstitial — max 0.40 wt% (higher than Grade 2: 0.25%). O solid-solution strengthens alpha phase significantly
Fe	—	0.500	Iron — max 0.50 wt%; higher Fe than Grade 2 (0.30%) contributes to solid-solution strengthening; also mild beta stabiliser but insufficient to form two-phase microstructure
N	—	0.050	Nitrogen interstitial — strengthens but reduces ductility at higher levels; controlled to max 0.05 wt%
C

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Mechanical & thermal properties — 3 conditions

Property	LPBF as-built (XY)	LPBF annealed 700°C/2h (XY)	EBM as-built (XY)
Elastic modulus	100–107 GPa	103 GPa	98–106 GPa
Yield strength (0.2%)	500–610 MPa	440–530 MPa	460–550 MPa
Ultimate tensile strength	600–720 MPa	540–630 MPa	565–660 MPa
Elongation at break	12.0–20.0 %	18.0–28.0 %	14.0–23.0 %
Hardness (HV)	200–245 HV	175–210 HV	185–220 HV
Density	4.51 g/cm³	4.51 g/cm³	4.50 g/cm³

Values shown as min–max where a spread is reported, otherwise as typical ± unit. Ranges reflect inter-source variation, not single-sample scatter. All values are for AM-processed specimens unless noted.

Engineering considerations

Medical qualification: AM CP-Ti Grade 4 implants require compliance with ASTM F67 (or ISO 5832-2) chemical limits AND minimum mechanical properties. LPBF or EBM process qualification must follow a framework such as ASTM F3001 (Ti-6Al-4V) adapted for CP-Ti, or the manufacturer's validated process. Each implant design may require design-specific testing.
Grade 4 vs Grade 2 selection: Grade 2 (CP_TI_GR2) offers higher ductility (30%+ elongation) and better corrosion resistance at the cost of lower strength (YS ~380–430 MPa). Specify Grade 4 when strength ≥480 MPa YS is required; Grade 2 when maximum ductility and corrosion resistance outweigh strength needs.
Grade 4 vs Ti-6Al-4V selection: Grade 4 is preferred when (1) vanadium-free alloy is mandated; (2) superior corrosion resistance is needed; (3) higher ductility is required (surgical contouring, impact). Use Ti-6Al-4V when strength >700 MPa is needed.
Hydrogen control: Titanium is highly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Build in vacuum (EBM) or inert argon (LPBF with <50 ppm O₂, <10 ppm H₂O). Store powder sealed; never re-use powder exposed to moisture without re-certification. Post-build, anneal in vacuum to degas — do not anneal in hydrogen-containing atmospheres.
EBM vs LPBF for medical: EBM's vacuum environment eliminates atmospheric contamination risk and delivers lower residual stresses, making it attractive for implants. However, LPBF offers finer feature resolution and better surface finish — important for complex porous scaffold geometries used in osseointegration implants.
Annealing protocol: 700°C/2h in vacuum (<1×10⁻³ mbar) or argon (<10 ppm O₂) is standard. Do not anneal above 900°C (beta transus ~890°C for Grade 4) — beta phase transformation degrades ductility on cooling.
Osseointegration design: Porous surface structures (trabecular, gyroid lattice) promote bone ingrowth. Minimum pore size for osseointegration: 100–400 µm; optimal ~300 µm. Verify strut resolution capability with your machine and parameters — EBM typically achieves ≥400 µm features; LPBF can resolve ≥200 µm.

Advantages

100% corrosion resistant in seawater, chloride media, and nitric acid — superior to Ti-6Al-4V which has slight susceptibility to crevice corrosion in some conditions
Biocompatible and osseointegratable — ISO 10993 compliant; well-established clinical track record in dental and orthopaedic applications
No vanadium — preferred in regulatory regimes concerned about V ion release (V is cytotoxic at high concentrations)
Better ductility than Ti-6Al-4V (22% vs 8–10% elongation annealed) — clinically significant for intraoperative contouring of bone plates
Simpler post-build heat treatment than Ti-6Al-4V: 700°C/2h anneal is sufficient; no solution annealing or ageing required
EBM as-built condition already meets ASTM F67 minimums — may eliminate separate annealing step
Lower oxygen sensitivity in AM than Grade 1/2 (max 0.4 wt% O) — more process-tolerant atmosphere requirements

Limitations

Lower strength than Ti-6Al-4V (~550–650 MPa UTS vs ~900–1000 MPa) — not suitable for high-load structural aerospace or motorsport applications
No precipitation hardening or ageing pathway — strength cannot be increased by heat treatment beyond as-built
Higher cost and lower availability than Ti-6Al-4V powder for AM — fewer qualified powder suppliers
LPBF parameter development is less mature than Ti-6Al-4V — fewer published process envelopes and fewer machine OEM qualified parameter sets
Hydrogen contamination risk during AM and post-processing — requires strict atmosphere control and vacuum annealing to keep H <150 ppm; hydrogen embrittlement is catastrophic in Ti
Not suitable for high-temperature structural use (>350°C creep onset) — use Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo or Ti-6242 for elevated temperature

Typical applications

Medical implants where alpha-Ti microstructure is preferred over Ti-6Al-4V (e.g. when vanadium-free alloy is mandated)Dental frameworks and crowns requiring high biocompatibility and osseointegrationMarine hardware: valves, fasteners, pump components in seawaterChemical processing equipment exposed to corrosive media (HNO₃, Cl⁻ environments)Heat exchangers for corrosive fluids (desalination, chemical plants)Orthopaedic bone plates and screws where high ductility is preferred for contouring in surgeryCryogenic components (CP-Ti maintains ductility at cryogenic temperatures)

Standards & certifications

ASTM-F67-13established

Standard specification for unalloyed titanium for surgical implant applications (Grade 4 is the highest-strength grade)

medicaldental

Primary standard for CP-Ti medical implants. LPBF/EBM parts must meet chemical composition and minimum mechanical property requirements. AM parts may require additional process qualification per ASTM F3001 or ISO 22674.

ISO-5832-2established

Implants for surgery — metallic materials — unalloyed titanium (ISO equivalent of ASTM F67)

medicaldental

European/international equivalent of ASTM F67. Required for CE-marked medical devices in EU and UK.

CP-Ti Grade 4

Composition — ASTM F67 Grade 4 / ISO 5832-2 / ASTM B265 Grade 4 — commercially pure Ti with max 0.4 wt% O

Mechanical & thermal properties — 3 conditions

Engineering considerations

Advantages

Limitations

Typical applications

Industries

Standards & certifications

Compatible AM processes (2)

Other metal materials

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